Today in India where energy needs has expanded, rooftop solar has become viable alternative.

A few years ago, Solar was considered experimental and was a niche industry in the huge sector of energy generation. However, all it took for the world to accept solar was a close inspection of green energy benefits that it offered.

With just over 1,000 units per capita annual consumption, India is last among the top 10 developing and developed countries. India’s per capita energy consumption is almost a third of the average per capita consumption to grow in the world and almost one twelfth of developed nations.

These figures prove that India is going to need a lot more power than it currently produces to upkeep the growth, development and economy. This is going to be a mammoth task. And a lot of it is going to be powered by the Rooftop Solar. Thus, rooftop solar is the key solution to present day power needs. 

To promote participation, the Government is offering subsidy for solar rooftop installation focused on net-metering. Also, 80 % states and Union Territories in India have agreed so far on net-metering policies. 

Conventional Power Costs are Rising and solar is becoming cheaper

Furthermore, with the changing lifestyles, India’s energy needs are increasing day by day and so is the cost for meeting those power demands.Given such a scenario, rooftop solar seems to be a viable alternative.

Thanks to the rising competition, solar rooftops are now quite low-cost. Additionally, the roof top solar plants do not have any moving parts which makes maintenance easier.

On-grid systems are battery-free and therefore inexpensive if compared to the battery enabled counterparts. Maintenance cost is almost nil as residential installations runs for over 25 years and this covers investment costs easily. What’s more, the break even for an on-grid solar PV system is achieved in 5 years max, post the initial investment. Thus, installing solar rooftop panels from reliable energy providers can reduce household energy bills by upto 80%.

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– Dr P K Pattanaik

Classification of Circuit Breakers

Based on the type of quenching medium

1. Air Break Circuit Breaker ( ABS)
2. Air Blast Circuit Breaker (ABCB)
3. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker ( MOCB)
4. Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker ( BOCB )
5. Vacuum Circuit Breaker ( VCB )
6. Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breaker

Based on the operating mechanism

1. Pneumatic (compressed air provides the required thrust )
2. Hydraulic (high pressure hydraulic oil of approximately 310 kg/cm2 is used for opening and closing operations
3. Spring (During close, charged spring discharges and simultaneously charges the opening spring)

Based on breaking type

1. Single break circuit breaker
2. Double break circuit breaker
3. Three break circuit breaker
4. Four break circuit breaker

Based on number of quenching chamber and break

1. Single break: One quenching medium per pole with one fixed and one moving contact for breaker operation.
2. Double break: Two quenching mediums per pole with two fixed and two moving contact for breaker operation.
3. Three break: Three quenching mediums per pole with three main and three moving contacts for breaker operation.
4. Four break: Four quenching mediums per pole with four main and four moving contacts for breaker operation.

Based on voltage

1. Low- less than 1kV
2. Medium- 1kV to 52kV
3. High/Extra High- 66kV to 765kV
4. Ultra High -above 765kV

Based on application

1. Indoor
2. Outdoor

Based on external design

1. Dead tank
2. Live tank

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Luminaires are categorized based on their installation, function and illumination or type of source used with them.

Mobile Luminaires

This category further can be classified as indoor & outdoor types. Under this category, different type of spotlight can be considered like table lamp luminaires, standard lamp luminaires, office task light luminaires, floor light luminaires Balanced-Arm lamp can be considered.

Balanced-arm lamp

It is outdoor type luminaires; it is a spotlight with a self-adjustable arm at an angle. It is used as mobile Streetlight. 

Gooseneck lamp

A gooseneck lamp is a portable lighting luminaire in which a lamp is attached to a flexible, adjustable shaft. Gooseneck lamps are often used to provide spot illumination. 

Nightlight

A nightlight is a tiny luminaire, placed in the dark area for the convenience during nights or during an emergency. 

Torchiere Floor Lamps

This luminaire with an upward facing shade provides general lighting to the rest of the room. 

Immobile Luminaires

Under this category different immobile or fixed type or non-movable, indoor type, ceiling mounted luminaires are classified. As per design and mounting, Luminaires can be further categorised as Chandeliers, Pendants, Flush-mounted, Island, Track, Ceiling fan, and Recessed type.

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Home lighting System can be powered by solar energy using solar cells that convert solar energy (sunlight) directly to electricity. The electricity is stored in batteries and used for the purpose of lighting whenever required. These systems are useful in non-electrified rural areas and as reliable emergency lighting system for important domestic, commercial and industrial applications. The SPV systems have found important application in the dairy industry for lighting milk collection/ chilling centres mostly located in rural areas.

The Solar Home Lighting system is a fixed installation designed for domestic application. The system comprises of Solar PV Module (Solar Cells), charge controller, battery and lighting system (lamps & fans). The schematic of the HLS is given below. The solar module is installed in the open on roof/terrace – exposed to sunlight and the charge controller and battery are kept inside a protected place in the house. The solar module requires periodic dusting for effective performance.

Operation Time

Solar Home Lighting System Operation Time

The above systems are designed to give a daily working time of 3-4 hours with a fully charged battery. The system provides for buffer storage for 1-2 non-sunny /cloudy days.

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There are six factor you should consider to buy best quality LED light for any application.

1. Lumens Per Watt
2. Power Factor
3. CRI (Colour Rendering Index)
4. Colour temperature
5. Heat sink
6. Life of LED Chip

1. Lumens Per Watt

Newer types of bulbs consume much less power compared to old-style incandescent light bulbs. For example LED light bulbs spend over 90% of their input energy on light instead of heat.

The new unit of measurement for light bulbs is Lumens. Lumen scale describes how much light or brightness the human eye can perceive – the higher the number of lumens, the brighter the light. For example, an average 100-watt incandescent bulb can produce about 1,600 lumens. All modern light bulb packaging shows how many lumens the bulb can produce.

The right way to measure efficiency of any light sources is based on how many lumens they can produce per watt.

The lumens-per-watt rating to check how energy efficient the bulb is. 9 to 12 watts LEDs can produce the same number of lumens as standard 40- or 60-watt bulbs.

For example: if you want to replace a 60-watt bulb, go for an LED bulb that produces close to 800 lumens; while for a 40-watt bulb, go for 450 lumens.

One thing for sure is that lots of brands produce LED lighting products having their own standards. You can choose the best one who gives high  Lumens-per-watt of the lighting. Using this products’  the wattage consumption goes down,and One can save more money with low-wattage lighting.

So, whenever you look for the best Led Light bulb, you should first search for the bulbs that produce the number of lumens you want for enough brightness. Then, checkout the lumens-per-watt rating to find the bulb that is most energy efficient.

Note: Light Packaging don’t show lumens-per-watt directly, take total lumens that shown on the packaging and divided with Wattage and the product will be lumens-per-watt.

2. Power Factor

Power factor is really a vital parameter to check quality of any electrical instrument. Power Factor is the effective ratio of real power (used power at load) to apparent power from your meter. Intelligent buyer is who not only check wattage of any LED Light but who also check power factor with wattage.

Let’s take a real example of 2 BHK Home. Total LED wattage for 2BHK Home is around 120-150 Watt. Lights with high lumens can luminate your room around 120watt, but if you opted for quality LED Panel light then you need to go around 180-200 watt. Let’s assume general life of LED is 20,000 Hours. However there are LED Lights available in market that give more than 50,000 hours of life warranty.

In simple example, if 7watt LED light packaging label shows 0.7 power factor then it actually consume 10watt. In short, LED lights with power factor of 0.9 and above are high in quality.

3. CRI (Color Rendering Index)

It measures the effect a bulb has on the perceived color of objects based upon an ideal or natural light source. For example it is indicator of how “natural” an object’s color appears when illuminated..as blue looks blue or green; red looks red or purple; etc.

CRI is rated on a scale from 0 to 100 and only Sunlight is classified as having a CRI of 100. Colors look exactly like they should underneath a light scoring CRI of 100. So the simple concept: the higher the CRI, the better colors will look and if the lower the CRI, the worse colors will look.

Generally, lighting with a CRI of 85 to 90 is considered to be “very good” while a CRI of 90 or greater are “excellent” that can be used for tasks requiring very accurate color discrimination.

4. Color temperature

LEDs are available in wide colour temperature range from 2800K to 6500K as mentioned below.

Warm white: 2700K-3500K (dusk time yellow light)
Neutral white: 4000K-4500K (bright sun light little yellow)
Cool white: 5000K-6500K (pure white, cool day light)

In LED color temperature of around 2700K to 3300K gives same colour tone (yellowish light) as conventional incandescent or halogen lamps.

Some local companies do not describe colour temperature specifications in Kelvin, but they simply label them with “Natural White” or “Office White”. Branded Companies always mention actual specifications so be sure that which colour temperature you are selecting.

The colour temperature surely affects the colours of things you are seeing than actual. So be careful while selecting colour temperature of LED light according to your application and need.

5. Heat sink

Don’t forget that for LEDs to last a long time, they need a heat sink. That’s why LED bulbs have metal fins that go down the side, making them look different than the classic Edison-style bulb. Heat sink dissolves any excess heat and maintains the LEDs at best operating temperature as well gives boost in terms of life to main LED chip.

6. Life of LED Chip 

At this point, LEDs really score high as its life typically ranges from 20,000 to 50,000 hours. Therefore, LEDs are idyllic for use in areas where maintenance is difficult or long life is essential.

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1. Never mix water and electricity.
2. Pay attention to what your appliances are telling you.
3. Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI).
4. Make sure you’re using the right size circuit breakers and fuses.
5. Protect kids with outlet covers.

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In order to choose best quality LED street lights, one should consider following two quality factors.

1. Power Supply: Protection and Technology

Streetlight is used for outdoor purpose. So power condition is very critical in India. Power Supply has to fight with worst power conditions such as lightning strike during rainy season. In Indoor lighting there is no requirement for extra surge protection. But Outdoor power supply must have good surge protection and high voltage protection otherwise it may fail anytime.

The Quality factors of good power supply.

• 420 VAC or 2 Phase protection.
• Minimum 4KV surge protection.
• Ground connection with surge protection.
• Power supply can be replaced on the site without detachment from pole.
• Power supply must be isolated

2. Streetlight Overall construction

Many of outdoor products, especially streetlights fail due to poor body construction. It can fail due to many reasons. Some are given below:

• Protection glass broke down and waterproofing failed
• Body gets rusted by rain/weather
• Body broken by psychical shock like animal or any other
• Waterproofing gasket broke down due to poor quality

A Good Quality LED streetlight’s body must have following qualities:

• Pure Polyester based powder coating which can resist sunlight and outdoor weather
• Minimum 4mm Toughen Glass
• IP65 Waterproofing
• Rigid Heavy aluminum body for weather protection like heavy wind/rain
• Power coating or any other good paint required for longer life of outer body.
• Stainless steel based screws and other small parts
• Aluminum Body with chemical treatment to resist rusting

Other important factors for best quality LED street light

• Lumens/watt (Light output) of overall streetlight
• Asymmetric distribution of lights by lens or other arrangement. (It will give more light output to road side and less output to opposite side.)

Pole height should be according to wattage rating of streetlight

• Below 12 feet – below 15 watt
• 12-15 foot – 15-30 watt
• 15-20 foot – 30 to 50 watt
• Above 20 feet – above 50 watt

Also consider following factors for streetlight wattage and Pole height

• Calculate LED Streetlight Pole distance and wattage
• Factors to calculate proper wattage and Pole height for your installing street light
• Width of road
• Distance between poles
• Safety requirement
• Installation area: Rural, town or metro city
• Traffic amount
• Public or private usage

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1. The biggest benefit of using LEDs is their life. They have a life of 25000-50000 hours of usage. So if it is used for 4-5 hours a day, it can run for 15-25 years without needing a change.
2. Good quality LED bulbs are maintenance free. So they are like put it and forget it.
3. They can give better output (brightness) or lumens per watt if beam angles are lower.
4. The light output of LEDs remains constant through its life only decreasing towards the end of their life.
5. They do not flicker even when dimmed.
6. Lot of them come with good warranty ,which means you investment now will last for many 10 years!
7. They are eco-friendly. They do not use mercury (used in CFLs), which is harmful for

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In Market ceiling fans are available in various, shapes, sizes, designs and colors. So it’s understandable one gets confused for selecting right fan.

The foremost thing that needs to be thought of is to get a fan from a trusted brand.

Here are a few things to keep in mind when buying a fan 

1. Measurements

One need to take into consideration the size of the room the fan is being bought for and that will help you decide the right size of the fan. Measure the length and width of the room.

Once that is done, the height of the ceiling needs to be measured, this will give you an idea of the size of the room and help you decide how far from the ceiling can you suspend your fan.

2. Right Size

Once the measurements have been taken, pick a fan that suits your requirements and that matches the size of your room. To find that out multiply the length of the room with the width of the room to find the approximate value of the square footage of the room.

Here are a list of common room measurements and fan sizes –

• A room of up to 75 square feet = a 29-36 inch fan.
• A room of 76-144 square feet = a 36-42 inch fan.
• A room of around 144-225 square feet = a 44 inch fan.
• A room of between 225-400 square feet = a 50-54 inch fan.
• A room of up to 500 square feet = a 60 inch fan 

3. Drop rod length

Once everything else is taken care of you need to find the correct length for the drop rod. There needs to be minimum 7 feet clearance between the fan and the floor for safety reasons. For a small room with less clearance you can get a hugger fan, which is suspended close to the ceiling. For higher ceilings you need a drop rod of the correct length. Here are some length

specifications for taller ceilings –

• 9 feet ceiling = 12 inch drop rod.
• 10 feet ceiling = 18 inch drop rod.
• 11 feet ceiling = 24 inch drop rod.
• 12 feet ceiling = 36 inch drop rod.
• 13 feet ceiling = 48 inch drop rod.

4. Other Factors

Once you have looked into the major specifications and measurements, it is your time to throw all your creative and artistic skills into this project. It is very necessary to pick a fan that suits and matches the décor and the color of your room. There is an exciting and stylish range of fans in the market these days to suit your need. So say goodbye to those old boring white fans and get yourself something extremely chic.

Apart from design, these days there are fans that can be controlled by a remote, so no constantly getting up that is taken care of too, to provide the best experience ever.

In the end, fans help you save more electricity and are a must have in every household, so even if you do have fans in your house, this should be a reason enough for you to go get yourself a classy, new, effective and efficient fan today.

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The Polycab cables and wires are designed and manufactured uses best quality&approved material with latest technology , that matches international quality standards.

The  cables and wires  comes in different lengths and thicknesses

Main Features

• Shock proof
• Abrasion resistant
• Lightweight

Other Details

Higher insulation resistance

• Better resistance to moisture
• Thermosetting in nature
• Low dialectic losses
• Minimum Structural return loss

Specifications

• Higher band width : larger network expansion, 100 plus channels
• Low attenuation value : less electromagnetic interference
• Moisture proof :ideal for tropical condition

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